@Article{CunhaZeriOmet:2021:CoFrDr,
               author = "Cunha Zeri, Gisleine and Ometto, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Nitrogen emissions in Latin America: A conceptual framework of 
                         drivers, impacts, and policy responses",
              journal = "Environmental Development",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "38",
                pages = "e100605",
                month = "June",
             keywords = "Nitrogen pollution, Reactive nitrogen, Nitrogen management, 
                         Conceptual framework, Agricultural systems, Demand drivers, 
                         Structural drivers, Policy responses.",
             abstract = "Reactive nitrogen has both positive and negative effects on 
                         environment and human health. The use of nitrogen fertilization 
                         enabled raising crops and livestock to feed an increasing world 
                         population, but at the same time resulted in a succession of 
                         unwanted impacts occurring through air, soil, and water, with 
                         detrimental consequences for all mankind. Nitrogen pollution is 
                         one of Latin America's most widespread and challenging 
                         environmental problems and is caused due to excess of nitrogen 
                         emissions from productive activities, especially agriculture, to 
                         attend a growing demand for food and energy. Here, we develop a 
                         conceptual framework of nitrogen emissions in Latin America to 
                         better understand the complexity of nitrogen dynamics in the 
                         region, the diverse drivers, and potential harms to environment 
                         and human health, as well as to support the formulation of 
                         adequate mechanisms to deal with the adverse impacts while 
                         increasing the benefits. Thus, our objective was to generate a 
                         functional tool not just for nitrogen scientists, but also for 
                         decision and policy makers. Using Brazil as an example, our main 
                         finding was that the increase in N emissions is due to demand 
                         drivers (demand for food, energy, and housing, connected with 
                         socioeconomic factors), while preparing and implementing a 
                         successful response to solve the N pollution problem depends 
                         entirely on the structural drivers (political and institutional 
                         factors, as governance issues). We highlighted the crucial role of 
                         political decision and institutional forcefulness in designing and 
                         implementing suitable policy instruments to handle the duality of 
                         nitrogen use. This finding prompts us to rethink about the (often 
                         non-existent) policy responses and the challenge for Latin 
                         American countries to deal with the nitrogen dilemma, too much or 
                         too little of a very important nutrient.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100605",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2020.100605",
                 issn = "2211-4645",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "zeri_nitrogen.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}